The Natural Satellite Moon

The natural satellite or moon is an astronomical body and our nearest neighbor that orbits a planet or minor planets.

Satellite

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You must read the following. It will clear all confusions of yours.

1. The very first person who used the term satellite was "Johannes Kepler", a German astronomer.
2. In his pamphlet Narration About Four Satellites of Jupiter Observed (Narratio de Observatis a se quatuor Iouis satellitibus erronibus) in 1610.
3. He derived the term satellite from the Latin word satelles, meaning "guard","companion".
4. The term satellite thus became the normal word for referring to an object orbiting a planet.
5. In 1957, however, the launching of the artificial object Sputnik created a need for new terminology.
6. {*Sputnik 1* ( was the first artificial Earth satellite launched by Soviet Union on 4th of October 1957).
7. After this launch, a confusion for choise of word took place.
8. The term moon, which had continued to be used in a conventional perspective in works of popular science and in fiction, has regained respectability and is now used interchangeably with natural satellite.
9. It was important to avoid the lack of clarity with Earth's natural satellite (Moon) and the natural satellites of different planets from one point of view, and artificial satellites on the other, the term natural satellite was used.
10. The word natural (satellite) was used in a sense to oppose the word artificial (satellite) .

Moon

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1. The Moon is an astronomical / cosmic body orbiting earth.
2. It is the only natural satellite of earth.
3. It is the fifth-largest satellite in the Solar System, and by wide margin the largest among planetary satellites relative to the size of the planet that it orbits/circles.
4. The Moon is a very slightly scalene ellipsoid (not completely round) due to tidal stretching / extention.
5. {Scalene is a triangle having three sides of different lengths. 
6. Long axis of Moon is displaced 30° from facing the Earth (due to gravitational inconsistencies from impact basins).
7. Its shape is more elongated than current tidal forces can represent .

Life Phases

1. Some 60 million years after the origin of the Solar System.
2. The giant-impact hypothesis, sometimes called the Theia Impact or the big splash took place.
3. It suggests that the Moon formed from the ejecta of a collision between the proto-Earth and a Mars-sized planetesimal.
4. Probably 4.5 billion years ago, in the Hadean eon it happened .
5. The colliding body is called Theia, from the name of the Greek diety Titan who was the mother of Selene, the goddess of the Moon.
6. The Moon's average orbital distance is 384,402 km (238,856 miles).
7. This distance is about thirty times the diameter of Earth.

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Space Missions to Moon

1. The Moon was first reached by a human-made spacecraft in September 1959.
2. That was named as Soviet Union's Luna 2.
3. Unfortunately Luna 2 was intentionally crashed onto the moon/lunar surface.
4. This accomplishment was followed by the first successful soft landing on the Moon by Luna 9 in 1966.
5. The United States' NASA Apollo program achieved the only human lunar missions to date.
6. It was started with the first human orbital mission by Apollo 8 in 1968 and six human landings between 1969 and 1972, with the first being Apollo 11 in July 1969.
7. These missions returned lunar rocks which have been used to develop a geological understanding of the Moon's origin, internal structure as well as the life history of Moon.
8. Since the 1972 Apollo 17 mission, the Moon has been visited only by un-crewed spacecraft.
9. {*a craft or vehicle with a group of people to operate it.

Lunar Calendar

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1. Lunar calendar or Moon calendar is also known as lunar schedule.
2. Most people celebrate their religious rituals and festivals according to Lunar calendar i.e Muslims.
3. A lunar calendar is a schedule that is based on the monthly cycles of the Moon's phases/stages.
4. The most commonly used calendar, the Gregorian calendar, is a solar calendar system that originally developed out of a lunar calendar system.
5. A lunar schedule is also distinguished from a lunisolar calendar, whose lunar months are brought into arrangement with the solar year through some process of intercalation.
6. {*Intercalation or embolism is a time keeping system used in lunisolor calendar.
7. The details of when months start changes from calendar to calendar, with some using new, full, or crescent (bow) moon and other utilizing detailed calculations .

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Size of Moon

1. "The Moon is an exceptionally large natural satellite relative to Earth".
2. Its width/diameter is more than a quarter and its mass is 1/81 of Earth's.
3. It is the biggest moon in the Solar System relative to the size of its planet, however Charon is larger relative to the dwarf planet Pluto, at 1/9 Pluto's mass.
4. The Earth and the Moon's barycentre, their common center of mass, is found 1,700 km (1,100 miles) (about a fourth of Earth's radius) beneath Earth's surface.
5. {*Barycentre is defined as the center of mass of two or more bodies, usually bodies orbiting around each other, such as the Earth and the Moon.
6. The surface area of the Moon is slightly less than the combined areas of North and South America.

Internal Structure of Moon

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1. The Moon has a mean density of 3,346.4 kg/m³.
2. It is a differentiated body, being made out of a geochemically particular crust, mantle, and planetary core.
3. This structure is believed to have resulted from the partial crystallization of a 'magma ocean' shortly after its formation about 4.5 billion years ago.
4. {*The Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) is the layer of molten rock that is estimated to have been present on the surface of the Moon.
5. The energy needed to melt the outer portion of the Moon is normally attributed to a giant impact event that is hypothesized to have formed the Earth-Moon system.
6. Not only Earth-Moon system but also the subsequent reaccretion of material in Earth orbit.
7. {*Accretion is the addition of soil to land by gradual, natural deposits.
8. Crystallization of this magma ocean would have given rise to a mafic (rich in magnesium and iron) mantle and a plagioclase (one having calcium or sodium in its composition.) rich crust (outside layer) .

Core;

1. The size of the lunar core is only about 20% the size of the Moon itself.
2. It has radius of 350 km or less.
3. Analyses of the Moon's time-variable rotations indicate that the core of Moon is at least partly molten.
4. The Moon has an iron rich core/center with a radius of 330 ± 20 km.
5. The same reanalysis established that the solid inner core made of pure iron has a radius of 240 ± 10 km.
6. The core is surrounded by the partially (10 to 30%) melted/dissolved layer of the lower mantle with a radius of 480 ± 20 km (thickness ~150 km).
7. These outcomes imply that 40% of the core by volume has solidified.
8. The density/thickness of the liquid outer core is around 5 g/cm3 and it could contain as much 6% sulfur by weight.
9. The temperature in the core is approximately 1600–1700 K (1326.85--1426.85 Celsius).

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