Complete knowledge about the Sun

Complete knowledge about the Sun is main topic of this post, I hope that you will find this so much informative.

What is SUN?

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Definition

1. The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System.
2. It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma, due to nuclear fusion reactions in its core, radiating the energy mainly as light and infrared radiation.
3. It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth.
4. Its diameter is about 1.39 million kilometers (864,000 miles), or 109 times that of Earth.
5. Its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth. Roughly three quarters of the Sun's mass consists of hydrogen (~73%); the rest is mostly helium (~25%), with much smaller quantities of heavier elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon, and iron are present.

Life phases

1. Sun was formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of matter within a region of a large molecular cloud.
2. Most of this matter gathered in the center, whereas the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that became the Solar System.
3. The central mass became so hot and dense that it eventually initiated nuclear fusion in its core. It is thought that almost all stars form by this process.
4. The Sun today is roughly halfway through the most stable part of its life.
5. It has not changed dramatically for over four billion years, and will remain fairly stable for more than five billion more.
6. However, after hydrogen fusion in its core has stopped, the Sun will undergo dramatic changes, both internally and externally.

General Characteristics

1. The Sun is by far the brightest object in the Earth's sky, with an apparent magnitude of −26.74.
2. This is about 13 billion times brighter than the next brightest star, Sirius, which has an apparent magnitude of −1.46.
3. Astronomical unit is the mean/total distance between the Sun's center and the center of Earth, though the distance varies as Earth moves from perihelion  in January to aphelion  in July.
4. One astronomical unit is about 150,000,000 km or 93,000,000 miles.
5. Perihelion (The point of the Earth's orbit that is nearest to the Sun).
6. Aphelion (The point of the Earth's orbit that is farthest away from the Sun).
7. At this average distance, light travels from the Sun's horizon to Earth's horizon in about 8 minutes and 19 seconds.
8. While light from the closest points of the Sun and Earth takes about two seconds less.
9. The energy of this sunlight supports almost all life on Earth by photosynthesis, and drives Earth's climate and weather. 
10. The Sun does not have a definite boundary.

Colour of Sun

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1. The Sun's color is white, with a CIE  color-space index near (0.3, 0.3), when viewed from space or when it is high in the sky.
2. When the Sun is low in the sky, atmospheric scattering shows the Sun yellow, red, orange, or magenta.
3. Despite its typical whiteness, most people mentally picture the Sun as yellow.
4. The reasons for this are the subjects of debate. The Sun is a G2V star.
5. With G2 indicating its surface temperature of approximately 5,778 K (5,505 °C, 9,941 °F), and V that it, like most stars, is a main-sequence star.

Structure

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The structure of the Sun contains the following layers:

Core –

• The innermost 20–25% of the Sun's radius.
• Where temperature (energies) and pressure are sufficient for nuclear fusion to occur.
• Hydrogen fuses into helium (which cannot currently be fused at this point in the Sun's life).
• The fusion process releases energy, and the core gradually becomes enriched in helium.

Radiative zone –

• Between about 20–25% of the radius, and 70% of the radius, there is a "radiative zone".
• Here energy transfer occurs by means of radiation (photons) rather than by convection.

Tachocline –

• The boundary region between the radiative and convective zones.

Convective zone –

• It is a point or area between about 70% of the Sun's radius and a point close to the visible surface.
• The Sun is cool and diffuse enough for convection to occur.
• This becomes the primary means of outward heat transfer, similar to weather cells which form in the earth's atmosphere.

Photosphere –

• The deepest part of the Sun which we can directly observe with visible light.
• As we know the Sun is a gaseous object, it does not have a clearly defined surface.
• Its visible parts are usually divided into a 'photosphere' and 'atmosphere'.

Atmosphere –

• A gaseous 'halo' surrounding the Sun, comprising the chromosphere, solar transition region, corona and heliosphere.
• These can be seen when the main part of the Sun is hidden, for example, during a solar eclipse.

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Solar Space Missions

1. The first satellites designed for long term observation of the Sun from interplanetary space were NASA's Pioneers 6, 7, 8 and 9.
2. These satellites were launched between 1959 and 1968.
3. These probes orbited the Sun at a distance similar to that of Earth, and made the first detailed measurements of the solar wind and the solar magnetic field.
4. Pioneer 9 operated for a particularly long time, transmitting data until May 1983.
5. In the 1970s, two Helios spacecraft and the Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount provided scientists with significant new data on solar wind and the solar corona.
6. The Helios 1 and 2 probes were U.S.
7. The Skylab space station, launched by NASA in 1973, included a solar observatory module called the Apollo Telescope Mount that was operated by astronauts resident on the station.
8. Skylab made the first time-resolved observations of the solar transition region and of ultraviolet emissions from the solar corona.
9. In 1980, the Solar Maximum Mission was launched by NASA. This spacecraft was designed to observe gamma rays, X-rays and UV radiation from solar flares during a time of high solar activity and solar luminosity.
10. Just a few months after launch (1980) , however, an electronics failure caused the probe to go into standby mode, and it spent the next three years in this inactive state.
11. Japan launched Yohkoh (Sunbeam) satellite in 1991, it observed the solar flares at X-ray wavelengths.
12. (The solar space missions are still continue.)

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Observing Sun Light With Naked Eyes

1. The brightness of the Sun can cause pain from looking at it with the naked eye.
2. However, doing so for brief periods is not hazardous for normal non-dilated eyes.
3. Looking directly at the Sun causes phosphene visual artifacts and temporary partial blindness.
4. It also delivers about 4 milliwatts of sunlight to the retina, slightly heating it and potentially causing damage in eyes that cannot respond properly to the brightness.
5. UV exposure gradually yellows the lens of the eye over a period of years, and is thought to contribute to the formation of cataracts.
6. But this depends on general exposure to solar UV, and not whether one looks directly at the Sun.
7. Long-duration viewing of the direct Sun with the naked eye can begin to cause UV-induced, sunburn-like lesions on the retina after about 100 seconds.

Religious aspects

1. Solar deities play a major role in many world religions and mythologies.
2. The ancient Sumerians believed that the sun was Utu, the god of justice and twin brother of Inanna.
3. Inanna, the Queen of Heaven, who was identified as the planet Venus.
4. Later, Utu was identified with the East Semitic god Shamash. Utu was regarded as a helper-deity, who aided those in distress, and, in iconography.
5. Utu is usually portrayed with a long beard and clutching a saw, which represented his role as the dispenser of justice.
6. From at least the Fourth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt, the Sun was worshipped as the god Ra.
7. It was portrayed as a falcon-headed divinity surmounted by the solar disk, and surrounded by a serpent ( snake ) .

   

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8. In the New Empire period, the Sun became identified with the dung beetle, whose spherical ball of dung was identified with the Sun.
9. The Sun had a brief resurgence during the Amarna Period when it again became the preeminent, if not only, divinity for the Pharaoh Akhenaton.
10. In ancient Roman culture, Sunday was the day of the sun god. It was adopted as the Sabbath day by Christians who did not have a Jewish background.
11. The symbol of light was a pagan device adopted by Christians, and perhaps the most important one that did not come from Jewish traditions.
12. In paganism, the Sun was a source of life, giving warmth and illumination to mankind.
13. It was the center of a popular cult among Romans.

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